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Nutrition and Supplementation: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Master List

Effects of low energy availability on performance in male athletes: A scoping review. Hänisch, Nieß & Carlsohn 2024

Total energy expenditure measured using doubly labeled water in adults with major chronic diseases: a systematic review. Purcell et al. 2024

The Efficacy of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Athletes for Injury Management, Training Response, and Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review. Pham & Spaniol 2024

Nutritional Psychology: Review the Interplay Between Nutrition and Mental Health. Horovitz 2024

Microbiota-Focused Dietary Approaches to Support Health: A Systematic Review. Hindle et al. 2024

Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gallant et al. 2024

Longer-term effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Khalafi et al. 2024

Iron deficiency, supplementation, and sports performance in female athletes: A systematic review. Pengelly et al. 2024

Ginger intervention on body weight and body composition in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials. Rafieipour et al. 2024

Ethnic Differences in Response to Oral Vitamin D Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Abdul-jabbar et al. 2024

Effects of dietary proteins on cognitive performance and brain vascular function in adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Adam, Mensink, & Joris 2024

Effects of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength Gains in Adults <50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Wang et al. 2024

Effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Zawieja et al. 2024

Decoding Betaine: A Critical Analysis of Therapeutic Potential Compared with Marketing Hype—A Narrative Review. Nikrandt & Chmurzynska 2024

Comparative effects of tea and coffee drinking on body weight in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. Jayedi et al. 2024

Caffeine Placebo Effect in Sport and Exercise: A Systematic Review. Vega-Munoz et al. 2024

Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety. Gonzalez et al. 2024

Effect of Caffeine and Nitrates Combination on Exercise Performance, Heart Rate and Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gilsanz et al. 2024

The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Fat Loss in Adults with Overweight and Obese Depend upon the Eating Window and Intervention Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Xie et al. 2024

Impact of the Mediterranean Diet on Athletic Performance, Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Antioxidant Markers in Both Athletes and Non-Professional Athletes: A Systematic Review of Intervention Trials. Bianchi et al. 2024

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in community-dwelling postmenopausal Asian women: a scoping review. Kwan 2024

Effectiveness of whey protein supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Al-Rawhani et al. 2024

Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Maximal Intensity Exercise in Trained Young Male Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Georgiou et al. 2024

Can Caffeine Change the Game? Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Specific Performance in Intermittent Sports During Competition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diaz-Lara et al. 2024

Impact of coffee-derived chlorogenic acid on cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Johal et al. 2024

Responses to Exercise with Low Carbohydrate Availability on Muscle Glycogen and Cell Signaling: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diaz-Lara et al. 2024

The Effects of Collagen Peptides as a Dietary Supplement on Muscle Damage Recovery and Fatigue Responses: An Integrative Review. Inacio et al. 2024

The Effect of Cannabidiol on Performance and Post-Load Recovery among Healthy and Physically Active Individuals: A Systematic Review. Bezuglov et al. 2024

Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on High-Intensity Cycling Sprint Performance in Recreationally Active Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tan et al. 2024

Synergistic Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Resistance Training on Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ho et al. 2024

Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Maximal Intensity Exercise in Trained Young Male Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Georgiou et al. 2024

Exploring the Ergogenic Potential of Carbohydrate-Caffeine Combined Mouth Rinse on Exercise and Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. Poon et al. 2024

Seven glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and polyagonists for weight loss in patients with obesity or overweight: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Xie et al. 2024

Nutritional approaches applied to recovery of skeletal muscle injury immobilization: a review of nutrition aid for sport trauma. Rocha-Rodrigues et al. 2024

Methods to Assess Energy Expenditure of Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Scoping Review. Mitchell et al. 2024

Acute and Chronic Weight-Making Practice in Professional Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: An Analysis of 33 Athletes Across 80 Fights. Reale et al. 2024

The Role of Gut Microbiota in Different Types of Physical Activity and Their Intensity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ghaffar et al. 2024

The Influence of Nutrition Intervention on the P1NP and CTX-1 Response to an Acute Exercise Bout: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Dolan et al. 2024

The effects of organic food on human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Jiang et al. 2024

The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Resistance Training-Based Changes to Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Desai et al. 2024

Roles of citrus fruits on energy expenditure, body weight management, and metabolic biomarkers: a comprehensive review. Aslan et al. 2024

Impact of Collagen Peptide Supplementation in Combination with Long-Term Physical Training on Strength, Musculotendinous Remodeling, Functional Recovery, and Body Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Bischof et al. 2024

Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Strength Performance in Trained Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vargas-Molina et al. 2024

Artificially sweetened beverage consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Chen et al. 2024

Organic Food in Athletes Diet—Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition. Dobrowolski et al. 2024

The Effect of Plant-Based Protein Ingestion on Athletic Ability in Healthy People—A Bayesian Meta-Analysis with Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Zhao et al. 2024

The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Resistance Training–Based Changes to Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Desai et al. 2024

Dietary Supplementation on Physical Performance and Recovery in Active-Duty Military Personnel: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Quasi-Experimental Controlled Trials. Harlow et al. 2024

Placebo and Nocebo Effects on Sports and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Literature Review Update. Chhabra & Szabo 2024

Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Strength Performance in Trained Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vargas-Molina et al. 2024

The effect of long chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on muscle strength in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Timraz et al. 2024

The impact of medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and metabolic health in individuals with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. He et al. 2024

Dietary Supplementation Strategies for Improving Training Adaptations, Antioxidant Status and Performance of Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review. Hernandez-Landa et al. 2024

Unraveling the Health Benefits and Mechanisms of Time-Restricted Feeding: Beyond Caloric Restriction. Wang et al. 2024

The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Tucker et al. 2024

A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized clinical trials on the effect of coffee consumption on heart rate. Han et al. 2024

A narrative review of intermittent fasting with exercise. Gabel et al. 2024

The effect of Panax ginseng supplementation on markers of resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review. Morgans et al. 2024

The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on muscle and whole-body protein synthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Theryothin et al. 2024

The relationship between anabolic androgenic steroid use and body image, eating behavior, and physical activity by gender: A systematic review. Zaiser et al. 2024

The effect of time-restricted eating combined with exercise on body composition and metabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dai et al. 2024

Effects of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on sports performance, endurance and strength performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dadalt & Stefani 2024

Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine—A Narrative Review. Zhang et al. 2024

The impact of time-restricted eating on health-related quality of life: a systematic literature review. Sones & Devlin 2024

Effect of nutritional interventions on the psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in women of reproductive age: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Robinson et al. 2024

Health effects of drinking 100% juice: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. Beckett et al. 2024

Impact of dietary carbohydrate, fat or protein restriction on the human gut microbiome: a systematic review. Schoonakker et al. 2024

Treating eating disorders by professionals with similar experiences: A systematic review. Bijkerk et al. 2024

Characterisation of the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Resistance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis. Davies et al. 2024

Body image and eating disorders in aesthetic sports: A systematic review of assessment and risk. Berengüí et al. 2024

Effects of low-carbohydrate diets, with and without caloric restriction, on inflammatory markers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Kazeminasab et al. 2024

Examining the evidence between screen time and night eating behaviour with dietary intake related to metabolic syndrome: A narrative review. Sa’ari et al. 2024

Impact of consuming an environmentally protective diet on micronutrients: a systematic literature review. Leonard et al. 2024

Attenuating Muscle Damage Biomarkers and Muscle Soreness After an Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage with Branched-Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis with Meta-regression. Salem et al. 2024

The effect of physical activity on vitamin D: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies in humans. Khan et al. 2024

The Effect of Oral Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Supplementation on Anaerobic Exercise in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Marenco et al. 2024

Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Wu et al. 2024

Impact of Melatonin Supplementation on Sports Performance and Circulating Biomarkers in Highly Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. San Miguel et al. 2024

Comparative Efficacy of Different Protein Supplements on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Indices of Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling, Hospitalized or Institutionalized Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Liao et al. 2024

Effects of Oral Iron Supplementation on Blood Iron Status in Athletes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Šmid et al. 2024

Genetics of Exercise and Diet-Induced Fat Loss Efficiency: A Systematic Review. Bojarczuk et al. 2024

The effect of protein or amino acid provision on immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hughes et al. 2024

Effects of omnivorous and vegetarian diets in neuromuscular adaptations to physical exercise: A systematic review. Seimetz and Zanella 2024

The Effect of Oral Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Supplementation on Anaerobic Exercise in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gonzalez-Marenco et al. 2024

Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review. Hulland, Trakman, and Alcock 2024

Effects of energy-restricted diets with or without nuts on weight, body composition and glycaemic control in adults: a scoping review. Mead et al. 2024

A Review of the Health-Promoting Properties of Spirulina with a Focus on athletes’ Performance and Recovery. Chaouachi, Vincent, and Groussard 2024

It’s Dead! Can Postbiotics Really Help Performance and Recovery? A Systematic Review. Kersick, Moon, and Jager 2024

Vitamin E Does not Favor Recovery After Exercises: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Santos de Lima et al. 2024

Sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine supplementation: Is combining both better than either alone? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curran-Bowen et al. 2024

Reducing meat and/or dairy consumption in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition . Habumugisha et al. 2024

The impact of continuous calorie restriction and fasting on cognition in adults without eating disorders. O’Leary, Healy, and Serpell 2024

Quercetin in Sports and Exercise: A review. Kurtz et al. 2024

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Health in the Chinese Population: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cheung et al. 2024

The Effect of Vitamin D Consumption on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Saedmocheshi et al. 2024

Impact of fasting on the AMPK and PGC-1α axis in rodent and human skeletal muscle: A systematic review. Storoschuk et al. 2024

The effects of time-restricted eating versus habitual diet on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in the general adult population: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Turner et al. 2023

Effect of breakfast protein intake on muscle mass and strength in adults: a scoping review. Khaing et al. 2024

Effects of intermittent dieting with break periods on body composition and metabolic adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Poon et al. 2024

Evidence-based practice competencies among nutrition professionals and students: a systematic review. Ghosh et al. 2023

Combined versus independent effects of exercise training and intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Khalafi et al. 2024

Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Sport Performance in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals: A Systematic Review. Porepp et al. 2023

Peak Week Carbohydrate Manipulation Practices in Physique Athletes: A Narrative Review. Homer, Cross, and Helms 2024

The relationship between the gut microbiome and resistance training: a rapid review. Wagner, Kapounkova, and Strugar 2024

Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism-A Concise Review. Starling-Soares, Pereira, and Renke 2023

Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Barreto et al. 2023

The effect of pre-exercise oral hyperhydration on endurance exercise performance, heart rate and thermoregulation: a meta-analytical review. McCubbin and Irwin 2024

Impact of Intermittent Fasting and/or Caloric Restriction on Aging-Related Outcomes in Adults: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. James et al. 2024

The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes—a systematic review. Christ et al. 2024

Effect of Soy Protein Supplementation on Muscle Adaptations, Metabolic and Antioxidant Status, Hormonal Response, and Exercise Performance of Active Individuals and Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Zare et al. 2023

Accuracy of Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equations in Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. O’Neill, Corish & Horner 2023

Effect of gut microbiota modulation on sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Gil-Hernandez et al. 2023

Dietary nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine in association with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nguyen et al. 2023

Changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during Ramadan fasting: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Abdelrahim et al. 2023

Evaluation of protein requirements using the indicator amino acid oxidation method: a scoping review. Matsumoto et al. 2023

Evaluation of Protein Adequacy From Plant-Based Dietary Scenarios in Simulation Studies: A Narrative Review. Soh et al. 2023

Descriptive and Content Analysis of Questionnaires Used to Assess Evidence-Based Practice Among Dietitians: A Systematic Review. Soguel et al. 2023

Does fruit and vegetable consumption impact mental health? Systematic review and meta-analyses of published controlled intervention studies. Appleton et al. 2023

Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets: a scoping review of neurological and inflammatory outcomes in human studies and their relevance to chronic pain. Field et al. 2023

The use of sentiment and emotion analysis and data science to assess the language of nutrition-, food- and cooking-related content on social media: a systematic scoping review. Molenaar et al. 2023

Reduction of leptin levels during acute exercise is dependent on fasting but not on caloric restriction during chronic exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Fontana et al. 2023

The impact of acute and chronic resistance training on appetite and energy intake: A scoping review examining resistance exercise and comparisons with other exercise modalities. Panissa et al. 2023

Nutrition Interventions on Muscle-Related Components of Sarcopenia in Females: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Thorton et al. 2023

Extrapolating the Coffee and Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Effects on Exercise and Metabolism—A Concise Review. Starling-Soares et al. 2023

Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review. Guo et al. 2023

The Potential Role of Nutrition in Overtraining Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Ester la Torre et al. 2023

Does Co-Supplementation with Beetroot Juice and Other Nutritional Supplements Positively Impact Sports Performance?: A Systematic Review. Ferrada-Contreras et al. 2023

Effects of Timing and Types of Protein Supplementation on Improving Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis. Zhou et al. 2023

Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating with Caloric Restriction vs. Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss and Health: Meta-Analysis. Črešnovar et al. 2023

The Integral Role of Magnesium in Muscle Integrity and Aging: A Comprehensive Review. Souza et al. 2023

The effects of organic food on human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Jiang et al. 2023

Ramadan intermittent fasting and its association with health-related indices and exercise test performance in athletes and physically active individuals: an overview of systematic reviews. Trabelsi et al. 2023

Comparison of the Effect of Daily Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration (Total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3) and Importance of Body Mass Index: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. van den Heuvel at al. 2023

Effects of Flavonoid Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Wang et al. 2023

Practical Application and Methodological Considerations on the Basics of Sports Nutrition in Basketball: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Observational and Interventional Studies. Nowaczyk et al. 2023

The Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Professional Football Player Performance: A Systematic Review. Almendros-Ruiz et al. 2023

Hydration, Hyperthermia, Glycogen, and Recovery: Crucial Factors in Exercise Performance—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lopez-Torres et al. 2023

Use of Buffers in Specific Contexts: Highly Trained Female Athletes, Extreme Environments and Combined Buffering Agents—A Narrative Review. Carr et al. 2023

RED-S: A Review of the Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery. Matkin-Hussey et al. 2023

Effects and possible mechanisms of intermittent fasting on health and disease: a narrative review. Li et al. 2023

Current Research on Vitamin D Supplementation against Sarcopenia: A Review of Clinical Trials. Kressel and Matsakas 2023

Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Barreto et al. 2023

Nutritional practices to manage menstrual cycle related symptoms: a systematic review. Brown et al. 2023

Protein intake and body weight, fat mass and waist circumference: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline on protein intake of the German Nutrition Society. Ellinger et al. 2023

Effects of rapeseed oil on body composition and glucolipid metabolism in people with obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Yang et al. 2023

High protein provision of more than 1.2 g/kg improves muscle mass preservation and mortality in ICU patients: A systematic review and meta-analyses. van Ruijven et al. 2023

Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Compared to Those of Continuous Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults. Schroor et al. 2023

Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile in Individuals with Obesity or Overweight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Yin et al. 2023

The Role of Vitamin D in Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration in Animal Models and Humans: A Systematic Review. Agoncillo et al. 2023

Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Candow et al. 2023

Exploring the Nutrition Strategies Employed by Ultra-Endurance Athletes to Alleviate Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms—A Systematic Review. Ryan et al. 2023

β-Alanine Supplementation in Combat Sports: Evaluation of Sports Performance, Perception, and Anthropometric Parameters and Biochemical Markers—A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Fernández-Lázaro et al. 2023

The Effects of Flavonoids on Skeletal Muscle Mass, Muscle Function, and Physical Performance in Individuals with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Wu and Suzuki 2023

Roles of citrus fruits on energy expenditure, body weight management, and metabolic biomarkers: a comprehensive review. Aslan et al. 2023

The Effect of Pre-Exercise Hyperhydration on Exercise Performance, Physiological Outcomes and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Jardine et al. 2023


Influence of the administration form of menthol in physical performance in endurance exercise: A systematic review. Neto et al. 2023


Metabolic Adaptations to Morning Versus Afternoon Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Galan-Lopez et al. 2023


A Little Pepper-Upper? Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Studies on Capsaicinoids, Capsinoids, and Exercise Performance. Sukan-Karaçağıl et al. 2023


Healthy Behavior and Sports Drinks: A Systematic Review. Muñoz-Urtubia et al. 2023


The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Appetite: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Elsworth et al. 2023


The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review. Rogers et al. 2023


Reducing meat and/or dairy consumption in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on protein intake, anthropometric values, and body composition. Habumugisha et al. 2023


Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Caller et al. 2023


Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine. Ghazzawi et al. 2023


Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Back Squat and Bench Press Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tan et al. 2023


Can the Substitution of Milk with Plant-Based Drinks Affect Health-Related Markers? A Systematic Review of Human Intervention Studies in Adults. Biscotti et al. 2023


The effects of carbohydrate-restricted diet on psychological outcomes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sindler et al. 2023


The effects of nutritional supplementation on older sarcopenic individuals who engage in resistance training: a meta-analysis. Song et al. 2023


Effectiveness of combined nutrition and exercise interventions on body weight, lean mass, and fat mass in adults diagnosed with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Baguley et al. 2023


Effects of weight change on taste function; a systematic review. Fathi, Javid, and Mansoori 2023


Whey protein supplementation with or without vitamin D on sarcopenia-related measures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nasimi et al. 2023


Moderators of Caffeine’s Effects on Jumping Performance in Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Grgic and Varovic 2023


Effects of Beetroot-Based Supplements on Muscular Endurance and Strength in Healthy Male Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evangelista et al. 2023


The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Burke et al. 2023


Absence of Effects of L-Arginine and L-Citrulline on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress in Response to Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Porto et al. 2023


The effects of vegetarian diets on glycemia and lipid parameters in adult patients with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Xu et al. 2023


Fenugreek and Its Effects on Muscle Performance: A Systematic Review. Albaker 2023


Spit It Out: Is Caffeine Mouth Rinse an Effective Ergogenic Aid? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nabuco et al. 2023


Optimal timing of introduction of complementary feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Padhani et al. 2023


Dietary pattern, food, and nutritional supplement effects on cognitive outcomes in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of previous reviews. Andrews et al. 2023


Genetics of caffeine and brain-related outcomes – a systematic review of observational studies and randomized trials. Kapellou et al. 2023


Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kazemian et al. 2023


The Effect of Gut-Training and Feeding-Challenge on Markers of Gastrointestinal Status in Response to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Literature Review. Martinez et al. 2023


Effectiveness of supplementation to potentiate lean mass gain during resistance training: A systematic review. Sandoval et al. 2023


Effectiveness of diet quality indices in measuring a change in diet quality over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. McAuley et al. 2023


Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prokopidis et al. 2023


Intramuscular lipid utilization during exercise: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Stokie et al. 2023


Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Endurance Performance in a Trained Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Fernandez-Landa et al. 2023


The Impact of High Protein Diets on Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Mantzouranis et al. 2023


Body Composition of Male Professional Soccer Players Using Different Measurement Methods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sebastia-Rico et al. 2023


Eating disorder risk during behavioral weight management in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Jebeile et al. 2023


Dose–response effects of exercise and caloric restriction on visceral adiposity in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Recchia et al. 2023


Effect of exercise and antioxidant supplementation on cellular lipid peroxidation in elderly individuals: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ni et al. 2023


The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gardiner et al. 2023


After Dinner Rest a While, After Supper Walk a Mile? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis on the Acute Postprandial Glycemic Response to Exercise Before and After Meal Ingestion in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. Engeroff et al. 2023


Intramuscular lipid utilisation during exercise: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Stokie et al. 2023


Sex differences in kinematics and quadriceps activity for fast isokinetic knee extension. Jeon et al. 2023


Is dieting a risk for higher weight gain in normal-weight individual? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pellisier et al. (2022)


Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Lopez-Torres et al. (2022)


Effects of Caffeine Intake on Endurance Running Performance and Time to Exhaustion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Wang et al. (2022)


Does Beetroot Supplementation Improve Performance in Combat Sports Athletes? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Delleli et al. (2022)


No impact of combining multi-ingredient supplementation with exercise on body composition and physical performance, in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Puente-Fernandez et al. (2022)


Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Talebi et al. (2022)


Physiological effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis): a systematic review. José et al. (2022)


Effects of probiotic supplementation on performance of resistance and aerobic exercises: a systematic review. de Paiva et al. (2022)


Dose-response and temporal ergogenic effects of ginseng supplementation in athletes and active participants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Khan et al. (2022)


A systematic review update of athletes’ nutrition knowledge and association with dietary intake. Janiczak et al. (2022)


Mitochondrial adaptations to calorie restriction and bariatric surgery in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Perez-Rodriguez et al. (2022)


Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Muscle Strength and Mass: A Systematic Review. Anderson et al. (2022)


Effects of acute nitrate supplementation against placebo on the physical performance of athletes in a time trial test: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Silva et al. (2022)


The impact of dietary protein supplementation on recovery from resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Pearson et al. (2022)


Effects of Capsaicin and Capsiate on Endurance Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Grgic et al. (2022)


Short-Term Creatine Supplementation and Repeated Sprint Ability—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Glaister and Rhodes. (2022)


Select Dietary Supplement Ingredients for Preserving and Protecting the Immune System in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review. Crawford et al. (2022)


Quercetin supplementation promotes recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rojano-Ortega et al. (2022)


High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bizzozero-Peroni et al. (2022)


Association between adherence to plant-based dietary patterns and obesity risk: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Jarvis et al. (2022)


Predicting resting energy expenditure among athletes: a systematic review. Martinho et al. (2022)


Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight, Body Composition, Glucose Responses, and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Tsitsou et al. (2022)


Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective. Connolly et al. (2022)


Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vargas-Molina et al. (2022)


Association between dietary patterns and depression: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies and intervention trials. Gianfredi et al. (2022)


Testosterone and cortisol responses to ß-hydroxy ß-methylbutryate consumption and exercise: A meta-analysis. Zhao and Mohammad. (2022)


Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Ballistic (Throwing) Performance: A Meta-Analytical Review. Grgic and Varovic. (2022)


Muscle Protein Synthesis Responses Following Aerobic-Based Exercise or High-Intensity Interval Training with or Without Protein Ingestion: A Systematic Review. Bagheri et al. (2022)


Effectiveness of Nitrate Intake on Recovery from Exercise-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Gamonales et al. (2022)


Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Martinho et al. (2022)


Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Kuo et al. (2022)


The Impact of Iron Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Elite-Level Female Athletes–A Systematic Review. Cusak and Hewlings. (2022)


Ramadan observance is associated with higher fatigue and lower vigor in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Trabelsi et al. (2022)


Synergistic Effect of Increased Total Protein Intake and Strength Training on Muscle Strength: A Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Tagawa et al. (2022)


The Effects of Isocaloric Intermittent Fasting vs Daily Caloric Restriction on Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled or Comparative Trials. Ezzati et al. (2022)


Protein intake and its effect on sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Wirth et al. (2022)


Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prokopidis et al. (2022)


Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on body composition and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liang et al. (2022)


Maltodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing and Exercise Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hartley et al. (2022)


Influence of age, sex, and type of exercise on the efficacy of creatine supplementation on lean body mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Delpino et al. (2022)


Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance, Physiological Responses, Perceived Exertion, and Technical-Tactical Skills in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Delleli et al. (2022)


The effects of nitrate ingestion on high-intensity endurance time-trial performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hiong Wang et al. (2022)


The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. King et al. (2022)


Effects of the ketogenic diet on performance and body composition in athletes and trained adults: a systematic review and Bayesian multivariate multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression. Koerich et al. (2022)


Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on body composition: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. Ashtary-Larky and Bagheri et al. (2022)


Efficacy of caffeine on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hayat et al. (2022)


Markers of Low Energy Availability in Overreached Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Kuikman et al. (2022)


Effect of Taurine Supplement on Aerobic and Anaerobic Outcomes: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Buzdağlı et al. (2022)


Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Naulleau et al. (2022)


Effects of Protein Supplementation Associated with Resistance Training on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses. Vieira et al. (2022)


Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cornish et al. (2022)


Effects of Weight Cutting on Exercise Performance in Combat Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Brechney et al. (2022)


The Vitamin E Consumption Effect on Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Zhou and Liang (2022)


The health benefits of anthocyanins: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and controlled clinical trials. Sandoval-Ramírez et al. (2022)


Fish intake, n-3 fatty acid body status, and risk of cognitive decline: a systematic review and a dose–response meta-analysis of observational and experimental studies. Kosti et al. (2022)


Exercise-Induced Hormonal Responses to HMB Administration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Du (2022)


Effect of Calcifediol on Physical Performance and Muscle Strength Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Barbagallo et al. (2022)


Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Indirect Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review of Human Trials. Caldas et al. (2022)


Can I Have My Coffee and Drink It? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Determine Whether Habitual Caffeine Consumption Affects the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine. Carvalho et al. (2022)


Is replacing red meat with other protein sources associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Hidayat et al. (2022)


Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review. de Souza et al. (2022)


Can Low-Dose of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation Reduce Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Kim et al. (2022)


Weight Maintenance after Dietary Weight Loss: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Behavioural Intensive Intervention. Flore et al. (2022)


Effects of Caffeinated Energy Drinks on Cardiovascular Responses during Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Grinberg et al. (2022)


The Effects of Dietary Protein Supplementation on Acute Changes in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Longer-Term Changes in Muscle Mass, Strength, and Aerobic Capacity in Response to Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Hartono et al. (2022)


Low-carbohydrate diets and men’s cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Whittaker and Harris (2022)


Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage after Strength Exercise: A Systematic Review. Canals-Garzón et al. (2022)


Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. d’Unienville et al. (2022)


Effects of caffeine chewing gum supplementation on exercise performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Barreto et al. (2022)


Health Effects of Increasing Protein Intake Above the Current Population Reference Intake in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Health Council of the Netherlands. Hengeveld et al. (2022)


The effect of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in physical exercise: A systematic review of human randomized controlled trials. Marcon and Zanella (2022)


The Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Strength and Resistance Training Performance: A Systematic Review. Henselmans et al. (2022)


The Paradoxical Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Damage Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Doma et al. (2022)


Vitamin D Supplementation and Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies. Abboud (2022)


The Effects of Milk Supplementation on Bone Health Indices in Adults: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Hidayat et al. (2021)


Effects of caffeine on rate of force development: A meta-analysis. Grgic and Mikulic (2021)


Effect of Acute and Chronic Oral L-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise Performance Based on the Exercise Intensity: A Systematic Review. Mielgo-Ayuso et al. (2021)


The use of BCAA to decrease delayed-onset muscle soreness after a single bout of exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Weber et al. (2021)


The Hydrating Effects of Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic Sports Drinks and Waters on Central Hydration During Continuous Exercise: A Systematic Meta-Analysis and Perspective. Rowlands et al. (2021)


The effects of collagen peptide supplementation on body composition, collagen synthesis, and recovery from joint injury and exercise: a systematic review. Khatri et al. (2021)


The effect of branched-chain amino acid on muscle damage markers and performance following strenuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Doma et al. (2021)


Protein interventions augment the effect of resistance exercise on appendicular lean mass and handgrip strength in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Kirwan et al. (2021)


Pre-Exercise Whole- or Partial-Body Cryotherapy Exposure to Improve Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Partridge et al. (2021)


Post-exercise energy intake: do the intensity and mode of exercise matter? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing high-intensity interval with moderate-intensity continuous protocols. Rossi et al. (2021)


Low-calorie sweeteners and human health: a rapid review of systematic reviews. Andrade et al. (2020)


Extracellular Buffering Supplements to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. de Oliveira et al. (2021)


Examining the effects of calorie restriction on testosterone concentrations in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Smith et al. (2021)


Energy deficiency impairs resistance training gains in lean mass but not strength: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Murphy and Koehler. (2021)


Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Older Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. dos Santos et al. (2021)


Effects of Vitamin D in Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bello et al. (2021)


Effect of Time-Restricted Feeding on Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Fitness Parameters: A Systematic Review. Kang et al. (2021)


Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Foods, Juices, and Concentrates on Recovery from Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Rickards et al. (2021)


Effect of dietary nitrate on human muscle power: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Coggan et al. (2021)


Does the combination of resistance training and a nutritional intervention have a synergic effect on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Choi et al. (2021)


Does Acute Caffeine Supplementation Improve Physical Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes? Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gomez-Bruton et al. (2021)


Clinical Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Healthy Subjects, the Key to Success in Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from the Rehabilitation Point of View. Vecchio et al. (2021)


Caffeinated Drinks and Physical Performance in Sport: A Systematic Review. Jiménez et al. (2021)


Effect of Carnosine or β-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Matthews et al. (2021)


Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Huang et al. (2021)


The association between food insecurity and dietary outcomes in university students: a systematic review. Shi et al. (2021)


The Dose Response of Taurine on Aerobic and Strength Exercises: A Systematic Review. Chen et al. (2021)


The Effect of Meal Replacement on Weight Loss According to Calorie-Restriction Type and Proportion of Energy Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Min et al. (2021)


Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults. Forbes et al. (2021)


The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets vs. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on weight, blood pressure, serum liquids and blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Yang et al. (2021)


Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and longitudinal studies. Dai and Liu (2021)


Effects of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Strength in Resistance-Trained Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Aguiar et al. (2021)


Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis. Grgic and Del Coso. (2021)


Body composition changes in physically active individuals consuming ketogenic diets: a systematic review. Coleman et al. (2021)


Green Tea and Black Tea for Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review. Zapata and Hewlings. (2021)


N-3 PUFA as an ergogenic supplement modulating muscle hypertrophy and strength: a systematic review. López-Seoane et al. (2021)


Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review. Dela Cruz and Kahan. (2021)


The Effect of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Trials. Jones et al. (2021)


The Impact of Vegan Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Pollakova et al. (2021)


Does Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Supplementation Attenuate Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness after Resistance Exercise in Trained Males? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Khemtong et al. (2021)


Effect of Probiotic Consumption on Immune Response in Athletes: A Meta-analysis. Tavakoly et al. (2021)


The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Electromyographic Muscle Activity in Healthy, Physically Active Individuals: A Systematic Review. Kalytczak et al. (2021)


The impact of tryptophan supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sutanto et al. (2021)


Low-fat diets and testosterone in men: Systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Whittaker and Wu (2021)


Effects of nonnutritive sweeteners on body weight and BMI in diverse clinical contexts: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Laviada-Molina et al. (2020)


Effects of intermittent fasting combined with resistance training on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ashtary-Larky et al. (2021)


Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications. Chapman et al. (2021)


Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vårvik et al. (2021)


A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep. Vlahoyiannis et al. (2021)


The effect of leaf extract supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and muscular performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Doma et al. (2021)


The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Intervention Trials. Northeast and Clifford (2021)


Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Morgan et al. (2021)


A Systematic Review of the Association Between Vegan Diets and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Kaiser et al. (2021)


Do Lower-Carbohydrate Diets Increase Total Energy Expenditure? An Updated and Reanalyzed Meta-Analysis of 29 Controlled-Feeding Studies. Ludwig et al. (2021)


The Influence of Mindful Eating and/or Intuitive Eating Approaches on Dietary Intake: A Systematic Review. Grider et al. (2021)


Tart Cherry Supplementation and Recovery From Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hill et al. (2021)


Flavonoid Containing Polyphenol Consumption and Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Carey et al. (2021)


Effects of Isolated and Combined Ingestion of Sodium Bicarbonate and β-Alanine on Combat Sports Athletes’ Performance: A Systematic Review. Lopes-Silva et al. (2021)


The effect of magnesium supplementation on anthropometric indices: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of clinical trials. Rafiee et al. (2020)


Sodium bicarbonate supplementation and the female athlete: A brief commentary with small scale systematic review and meta-analysis. Saunders et al. (2021)


Is Probiotic Supplementation Useful for the Management of Body Weight and Other Anthropometric Measures in Adults Affected by Overweight and Obesity with Metabolic Related Diseases? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Perna et al. (2021)


Factors influencing the efficacy of nutritional interventions on muscle mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Martin-Cantero et al. (2021)


Efficacy of Alternative Forms of Creatine Supplementation on Improving Performance and Body Composition in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review. Fazio et al. (2021)


Effects of pre-sleep protein consumption on muscle-related outcomes — A systematic review. Reis et al. (2021)


Effects of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Physical Performance: Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Bonilla et al. (2021)


Effect of dietary nitrate ingestion on muscular performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alvares et al. (2021)


Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Lim et al. (2021)


A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplementation on Strength, Exercise Volume, and Anaerobic Capacity in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals. Bobos et al. (2021)


Capsaicinoid and Capsinoids as an Ergogenic Aid: A Systematic Review and the Potential Mechanisms Involved. Vilton et al. (2020)

Capsaicinoids and capsinoids are compounds found in peppers that may improve athletic performance. Capsaicin (the compound that makes spicy foods spicy) is the most well-known of these compounds, but other non-spicy compounds may also have positive effects on performance. 9 out of 14 animal studies and 5 out of 8 human studies have found that these compounds improve physical performance (some studies have looked at endurance performance, while other have looked at strength or power). The studies are too dissimilar to be worth meta-analyzing, but ~60% of studies finding significant, positive effects represents a pretty strong track record for this class of compounds, though more research is certainly needed. The potential mechanisms by which capsaicinoids and capsinoids may improve performance are summarized in the figure below.

capsaicinoids mechanisms vilton


CYP1A2 genotype and acute ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance: a systematic review. Grgic et al. (2020)

CYP1A2 is a gene that codes for the rate-limiting protein in caffeine metabolism. People with the AA genotype (“fast metabolizers”) may experience a larger ergogenic effect from caffeine supplementation than people with AC and CC genotypes. However, that effect seems to be largest for relatively long-duration cardiovascular exercise. The effects on resistance exercise are smaller and less consistent.


The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Isokinetic Torque in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lago-Rodríguez et al. (2020)

This meta-analysis found that acute nitrate supplementation doesn’t seem to significantly affect isokinetic torque. It should be noted, however, that only 5 studies were included in the analysis, and a lot of the outcomes only had one study. This is definitely an area where more research is needed before we can draw definitive conclusions.

nitrate isokinetic torque


Effects of diet interventions, dietary supplements, and performance-enhancing substances on the performance of CrossFit-trained individuals: A systematic review of clinical studies. Quaresma et al. (2020)

This paper summarizes the findings of 14 studies investigating the effects of various nutrition and supplementation interventions on CrossFit performance. The only intervention that caused significant improvements in performance was sodium bicarbonate supplementation. However, it would probably be excessively hasty to conclude that sodium bicarbonate is the only ergogenic substance for CrossFitters; we just need more research on other potential interventions.


Effect of short- and long-term protein consumption on appetite and appetite-regulating gastrointestinal hormones, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Kohanmoo et al. (2020)

Higher protein intakes seem to suppress hunger and improve appetite regulation acutely (e.g. all else being equal, a higher protein meal promotes greater feelings of fullness and less hunger than a lower protein meal), but over time, people may habituate to the hunger-suppressing and fullness-promoting effects of elevated protein intakes.

protein hunger


Are There Benefits from the Use of Fish Oil Supplements in Athletes? A Systematic Review. Lewis et al. (2020)

Fish oil has a lot of effects on the human body. With that said, ergogenic effects on athletes are fairly inconsistent. Notably, however, fish oil supplementation may improve rates of recovery following muscle damage, but more research is needed.


The Effects of Intermittent Fasting Combined with Resistance Training on Lean Body Mass: A Systematic Review of Human Studies. Keenan et al. (2020)

In the eight human studies to date, intermittent fasting combined with resistance training generally allows for maintenance of lean body mass (7 out of 8 studies). One study observed an increase in lean body mass. Furthermore, most of the studies (5 out of 8) observed a decrease in fat mass, suggesting that subjects were probably in at least a slight caloric deficit.


Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. San Juan et al. (2020)

Realistically, this body of literature probably wasn’t quite ready for a systematic review, as only four studies met the authors’ inclusion criteria. However, three of the four studies found that nitrate supplementation successfully improved measures of resistance exercise performance (power, velocity, and reps-to-failure performance). Thus, the literature on nitrate is promising, but we need more studies before drawing any solid conclusions.


The effect of fish oil supplementation on the promotion and preservation of lean body mass, strength, and recovery from physiological stress in young, healthy adults: a systematic review. Heileson and Funderburk (2020)

Fish oil supplementation may help with preserving strength and power performance following muscle damage or immobilization, and it may support the recovery of performance following muscle damage or immobilization, but it doesn’t seem to improve performance chronically or have a notable effect on lean body mass in healthy, young adults.


Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trexler et al. (2019)

Citrulline supplementation has a small but significant effect on strength and power endurance tests (e.g. reps to failure tests, or similar challenges). The effect may be larger for strength endurance than power endurance.


Acute Ketone Supplementation and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Valenzuela et al. (2019)

Ketone supplementation doesn’t seem to improve exercise performance in tests ranging for short sprints to ~50 minute endurance tests.


Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise: a Cochrane systematic review. Ranchordas et al. (2020)

Antioxidant supplementation seems to attenuate muscle soreness up to 72 hours post-training, but the magnitude of the effect probably isn’t large enough to be practically relevant.


Does Beef Protein Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Exercise Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Valenzuela et al. (2019)

The effects of beef protein supplementation on strength and muscle growth seem to be similar to the effects of whey protein supplementation.


Effect of Betaine on Reducing Body Fat—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Xiang et al. (2019)

Betaine (TMG) supplementation may increase body fat reductions, especially when combined resistance training. This study was previously discussed in more depth in MASS.


Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on Sports Performance Based on Differences Between Sexes: A Systematic Review. Mielgo-Ayuso et al. (2019)

Caffeine seems to have similar effects on aerobic performance in both males and females, but it may have larger effects on anaerobic and resistance training performance in males.


Effect of Overnight Fasted Exercise on Weight Loss and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hackett and Hagstrom (2017)

Exercise following an overnight fast doesn’t seem to produce more weight loss or more favorable changes in body composition than exercise performed in a fed state. However, there aren’t many studies to analyze (only 5), so these findings should be interpreted with caution due to low statistical power.


Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

In a meta-analysis covering 15 published studies, arginine supplementation was found to significantly enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance outcomes, with effect sizes (Hedges’ g) of 0.84 and 0.24, respectively. However, it appears as if the analysis neglected to account for the inclusion of multiple correlated outcomes from single studies, included the Harvard step test as a measurement of “performance,” included a study that combined arginine with another ingredient (which violated the exclusion criteria), and included at least a few miscalculated effect sizes. More importantly, there just isn’t a reason to supplement with arginine; oral citrulline supplementation increases blood arginine levels more effectively than oral arginine supplementation, and oral citrulline is widely accessible, similarly priced, tastes better, and has more evidence supporting its efficacy.


Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Sport and Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. Suhett et al. (2020)

“Eleven papers were selected for this review. Most of the studies displayed positive effects of the curcumin supplementation for athletes and physical exercise practitioners, and no side effects were reported. Participants supplemented with curcumin displayed reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, decreased pain and muscle damage, superior recovery and muscle performance, better psychological and physiological responses (thermal and cardiovascular) during training and improved gastrointestinal function. Curcumin supplementation appears to be safe and beneficial for sport and physical exercise in human beings.” Another 2020 systematic review had similar findings.


Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Abaïdia et al. (2020)

Most aspects of physical performance are maintained fairly well during Ramadan fasting, but mean and peak power during Wingate tests (maximal anaerobic tests) significantly decrease. I imagine resistance training work capacity (or any long-duration activity that could be constrained by hydration) would be reduced as well, but there’s not sufficient research on that topic yet.


Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Grgic et al. (2020)

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) supplementation significantly increases strength endurance but not maximal strength.


Effects of vitamin C on oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle soreness, and strength following acute exercise: meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials. Righi et al. (2020)

Vitamin C supplementation may reduce some markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) and inflammation (IL-6), but doesn’t seem to affect the recovery markers most lifters would actually care about (soreness or strength recovery).


Impact of anthocyanin-rich whole fruit consumption on exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bloedon et al. (2019)

Eating a diet high in anthocyanin-rich fruits (such as blueberries and tart cherries) may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation following exercise. Another recent meta (Doma et al., 2020) had broadly similar findings. Another recent systematic review (Ortega et al., 2020) looked at tart cherry and pomegranate juice supplementation. The authors of the review conclude that higher total doses of phenolic compounds (at least 1000mg/day) and longer supplementation durations (beginning several days before strenuous exercise, and continuing through the recovery period) are more likely to have a positive effect. In other words, simply consuming anthocyanin-rich fruits or fruit supplements once before or after a workout may not have much of an effect; you need to consume them consistently, in high enough dosages, for the effect to be consistent and noticeable.


Nicotine effects on exercise performance and physiological responses in nicotine‐naïve individuals: a systematic review. Johnston et al. (2017)

There are plausible mechanisms by which nicotine could improve exercise performance, but placebo-controlled studies don’t reliably report performance benefits from nicotine supplementation for nicotine-naïve individuals.


Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation for Reducing Muscle Soreness After Eccentric Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Zheng-tao et al. (2020)

Omega-3 supplementation significantly reduces muscle soreness following eccentric exercise, but doesn’t seem to improve strength recovery. However, the reduction in muscle soreness, while statistically significant, likely isn’t large enough to be clinically relevant.


Protein Intake Greater than the RDA Differentially Influences Whole-Body Lean Mass Responses to Purposeful Catabolic and Anabolic Stressors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Hudson et al. (2020)

Protein intakes that exceed the RDA (0.8g/kg per day) increase lean mass gains following resistance training, and attenuate lean mass losses following energy restriction. However, eating more protein probably won’t help you gain more lean mass when you’re in an isocaloric state and you aren’t resistance training.


Supplementation of Probiotics and Its Effects on Physically Active Individuals and Athletes: Systematic Review. Möller et al. (2018)

“Following probiotic supplementation, positive effects have been reported for several outcomes including respiratory tract infection, immunologic markers, and gastrointestinal symptoms in both athletes and nonathletes. However, published studies have distinct protocols and measured outcomes, and some of them have small sample size and failed to prove beneficial effect on probiotic supplementation, leading to inconclusive results for standardized supplementation protocols.”


The Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Yarizadh et al. (2020)

L-Carnitine supplementation may attenuate some markers of muscle damage, but the overall body of literature is still pretty small and findings are reasonably inconsistent. This study was previously discussed in more depth in MASS.


The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Recovery Following Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review. Lakićević. (2019)

Alcohol consumption post-exercise may increase cortisol, and decrease testosterone, plasma amino acids, and protein synthesis to some degree. Other markers of physiological function and recovery seem to be largely unaffected. As with anything else, the dose makes the poison; moderate drinking (1-2 standard drinks) probably won’t have a notable effect, while heavy drinking is likely to impair recovery and training adaptations to some degree.


Do multi-ingredient protein supplements augment resistance training-induced gains in skeletal muscle mass and strength? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 trials. O’Bryan et al. (2018)

Multi-ingredient protein supplements generally increase fat free mass and strength gains relative to placebo. However, they don’t tend to significantly outperform plain old protein supplements. With that being said, the mean effect for fat free mass leans slightly in favor of multi-ingredient supplements over plain protein supplements, likely due to the inclusion of creatine.


A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Morton et al. (2018)

Protein supplementation was found to increase gains in both strength and muscle but didn’t have a significant effect on bone mineral content. The relative benefits of protein supplementation were (unsurprisingly) larger for hypertrophy than for strength, and were larger for hypertrophy in trained individuals than in untrained individuals. The relative benefits also tended to be larger in young people than in older people. Furthermore, it was found that increases in lean body mass tended to plateau at a protein intake of around 1.6g/kg (0.73g/lb). However, the confidence intervals extended up to 2.2g/kg (1g/lb), making that the “better safe than sorry” protein recommendation. A more recent meta by Wirth et al. confirmed the finding that protein supplementation significantly increases lean body mass, though it did not find that protein supplementation significantly increased handgrip or leg press strength. However, the p-value for leg press strength in young adults was p = 0.06, which is near the classical significance threshold.

Effects of protein supplementation on increases in strength Effects of protein on increases in FFM The effect of protein supplementation on gains in FFM is influenced by age

 


Dose-response relationship between protein intake and muscle mass increase: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Tagawa et al. (2020)

This meta is more-or-less an update on Morton’s meta, except that it examined the effects of total protein intake, and not just protein supplementation. In people not performing resistance training, the beneficial hypertrophic effects of higher protein intakes may more-or-less cap out at intakes of ~1.3g/kg. For people performing resistance training, higher protein intakes may lead to greater increases in fat-free mass up to intakes exceeding 3g/kg.


The effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a meta-analysis. Schoenfeld et al. (2013)

This meta-analysis examined the effects of protein intake in the immediate peri-workout window (within an hour before or after training) versus not consuming protein within that window. Protein timing didn’t significantly affect strength gains. Before adjusting for covariates, the timing did significantly increase hypertrophy. However, many studies didn’t match for total protein intake. After adjusting for higher total protein intakes in the groups consuming protein in the peri-workout window, it didn’t seem that timing significantly affected hypertrophy by itself. In other words, downing a protein shake after your workout may lead to more muscle growth if it increases total protein intake, but it probably won’t make too much of a difference otherwise.

Effect of protein timing on strength Effect of protein timing on hypertrophy, after adjusting for total protein intake


Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis. Schoenfeld et al. (2015)

This meta-analysis initially found that higher meal frequencies during weight loss were associated with larger decreases in fat mass and body fat percentage, and smaller decreases in fat-free mass. However, those differences were all driven by a single study; when a sensitivity analysis was performed and that study was removed, there was no significant effect of meal frequency on fat mass, body fat percentage, or fat-free mass.


The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on the Temporal Recovery of Muscle Function Following Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Davies et al. (2018)

Protein supplementation was found to increase rate of recovery from training (defined as restoration of muscle function after a training bout). This effect was only significant (p<0.05) for time points <24 hours post-training, and 72 hours post-training; however, effect sizes favored protein supplementation at all time points (g = 0.4-0.7).


Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Wycherley et al. (2012)

High protein diets during weight loss contributed to larger decreases in weight, fat mass, and triglycerides, and smaller decreases in fat-free mass compared to lower protein diets. However, of note, the mitigation in FFM loss only applied to studies lasting more than 12 weeks.

High protein diets lead to more fat loss Protein led to more lean mass retention in studies lasting fewer than 12 weeks


The effects of protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and aerobic and anaerobic power in healthy adults: a systematic review. Pasiakos et al. (2015)

In terms of strength and hypertrophy, Morton (2018) provides a more up-to-date overview of the literature. However, this systematic review also adds another element. Protein supplementation also may increase gains in aerobic and anaerobic power after aerobic or anaerobic training.


Effects of protein supplements on muscle damage, soreness and recovery of muscle function and physical performance: a systematic review. Pasiakos et al. (2014)

In terms of recovery of muscle function, refer to Davies (2018). However, this systematic review also found that protein supplementation tends to decrease soreness and markers of muscle damage after training.


Threshold of Energy Deficit and Lower-Body Performance Declines in Military Personnel: A Meta-Regression. Murphy et al. (2018)

This meta-analysis found that, in military personnel, neither length of time in an energy deficit nor daily energy deficit were independently associated with decreases in lower body strength or power. However, total energy deficit was strongly associated with decreases in lower body strength and power. It’s not clear whether these findings would directly apply to strength or physique athletes trying to cut weight (while military personnel are very active, it’s not like the bulk of their exercise comes from lifting weights), but they’re at least worth taking note of. If they did apply, the implication would be that a quick cut with a large daily energy deficit and a slow cut with a small daily energy deficit would ultimately have similar impacts on performance. This is an area of research that’s been largely ignored in the context of resistance training, unfortunately (this is the only study I’m aware of, and it was pretty poorly controlled).


Does high-carbohydrate intake lead to increased risk of obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sartorius et al. (2018)

Short answer: No.

Longer answer: In studies looking at high vs. low absolute carbohydrate intake, and in studies looking at high vs. low carbohydrate intake expressed as a percentage of total calorie intake, carb intake was not associated with increased or decreased odds of obesity.

Absolute carbohydrate intake Carbohydrate intake as a percentage of total calories


The effect of glutamine supplementation on athletic performance, body composition, and immune function: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Ahmadi et al. (2018)

Glutamine supplementation doesn’t seem to affect any measurable aspect of athletic performance, or any proxy for muscle damage and recovery (i.e creatine kinase). Glutamine supplementation may help a bit with weight loss (which surprised me, honestly). Interestingly, it seemed to nearly lead to a significant increase in fat mass (CI: -0.19-2.22kg), without having any effect on lean mass. This perplexing result can be explained by the fact that one particularly large study measured weight (reporting a decrease) and fat mass (reporting an increase), but didn’t measure lean mass. It had by far the largest weight in the analyses, so it really drove the results. This one study was allowed to have such undue weight because the authors used a fixed-effects model when they should have used a random-effects model. If they used a random effects model, glutamine probably wouldn’t have been found to effect body weight or body composition either.


Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gibson et al. (2015)

A surprising outcome in obesity research is that unlike moderate energy-restricted diets, after initial increases, very low energy diets (VLED; < 800 kcal/day) actually reduce hunger (though long-term adherence is problematic). The same claim is made for very low carbohydrate diets (VLCD). This meta analysis assessed appetite response to both VLED and VLCD (< 10 % kcal or < 50 g/day, ad libitum consumption of protein and fat). VLED increased satiety and decreased hunger without changing desire to eat or the anticipated energy that would or could be eaten. VLCD increased satiety and decreased hunger, and also decreased desire to eat.

Very low energy diets vs. baseline Very low carbohydrate diets vs. baseline


Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. Johnston et al. (2014)

This meta-analysis included 48 RCTs in overweight individuals and categorized diets based on whether or not they were lower carbohydrate (< 40% kcal), “balanced macronutrients,” or low fat (< 20% kcal). At diet conclusion, lower carbohydrate were 83% likely to produce the most weight loss and produced significantly more weight loss than balanced macronutrient diets, but not more weight loss than low-fat diets. At 1 year follow up, low-fat diets were most likely (50%) among the three diets to result in the most weight loss retention. Adverse events incidence was higher during low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets: constipation (68% vs 35%, respectively), headache (60% vs 40%), halitosis (38% vs 8%), muscle cramps (35% vs 7%), diarrhea (23% vs 7%), general weakness (25% vs 8%), and rash (13% vs 0%; P < .006). However, weight loss differences among diets were not clinically meaningful (1-2 kg over 6-12 months), and the authors suggested individuals follow whichever diet they can adhere to.


Weight loss intervention adherence and factors promoting adherence: a meta-analysis. Lemstra et al. (2015)

Supervised weight loss attempts tend to have about 65% higher adherence than unsupervised attempts, and interventions with a social support component tend to have about 29% higher adherence than interventions without a social support component. Furthermore, dietary interventions tend to have about 27% higher adherence than exercise interventions.


Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in trained and competitive athletes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sanchez-Martinez et al. (2017)

In trained athletes, HMB supplementation doesn’t seem to significantly affect either strength gains or changes in body composition (fat mass or fat-free mass). A more recent meta-analysis by Holland and colleagues had similar findings.


Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation during resistance training on strength, body composition, and muscle damage in trained and untrained young men: a meta-analysis. Rowlands et al. (2009)

Like the more recent Sanchez-Martinez meta-analysis, HMB still didn’t do anything for trained athletes back in 2009. However, this meta-analysis did find that HMB supplementation significantly increased lower body strength gains in untrained lifters, though it didn’t affect body composition.


Creatine Supplementation and Lower Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Lanhers et al. (2015)

Creatine supplementation leads to significantly larger strength gains in both the squat and leg press. The effect was larger for squat (8%) than leg press (3%).

Squat Leg press


Does oral creatine supplementation improve strength? A meta-analysis. Dempsey et al. (2002) and Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis. Branch (2003)

Creatine supplementation also significantly increases lean body mass and bench press strength, and generally improves performance in tasks lasting ≤30 seconds. It may also improve performance in some tasks lasting 30-150 seconds. It may not affect biceps curl strength. It seems to be effective in both men and women (though it may be more effective in men), and in both trained and untrained subjects. It doesn’t seem to reliably affect performance for tests lasting >150 seconds.

From Dempsey et al. From Branch et al.


Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis. Naclerio et al. (2016)

While both whey protein and creatine enhance strength gains and hypertrophy independently, they may have even larger effects when taken together.


Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Martineau et al. (2017)

Vitamin D supplementation seems to decrease risk of respiratory tract infections by about 20%. The reduction in risk may be larger in people with low vitamin D levels.


Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Farrokhyar et al. (2017).

Even though vitamin D supplementation increases blood concentrations of vitamin D, supplementation doesn’t seem to reliably affect physical performance in athletes (though it may increase handgrip strength).


Does Fish Oil Have an Anti-Obesity Effect in Overweight/Obese Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Shichun et al. (2015)

Fish oil supplementation on top of lifestyle modification doesn’t seem to decrease body weight or BMI more than lifestyle modification alone, but it does lead to significantly larger decreases in waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio.


β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Saunders et al. (2018)

β-alanine supplementation significantly increases performance for tests lasting 1-10 minutes but doesn’t significantly affect performance for tests lasting <1 minute or for tests lasting 10+ minutes. This makes sense given β-alanine’s mechanism of action – increasing muscle carnosine content, to help buffer against pH decreases. Short-duration activities (i.e. lifting) are unlikely to be limited by inadequate cellular buffering, and long-duration activities aren’t going to rely as much on anaerobic metabolism in the first place.

Subgroups from top to bottom: <1 minute, 1-10 minutes, and 10+ minutes


Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Grgic et al. (2018)

Acute caffeine supplementation increases maximal strength and power, though the overall effect is pretty small. The strength increase is more consistent for upper body strength than lower body strength. The average dose of caffeine used was 4.3-6.5mg/kg. A more recent meta-analysis by Ferreira et al. on the same subject had similar findings: caffeine had a statistically significant effect on bench press strength and strength endurance, but not leg press performance (though non-significant differences still leaned in favor of caffeine supplementation).


Effects of protein supplements consumed with meals, versus between meals, on resistance training-induced body composition changes in adults: a systematic review. Hudson et al. (2018)

Consuming protein supplements with meals instead of between meals may be slightly more beneficial for improving body composition. However, due to heterogeity between studies, few actual head-to-head comparisons, and lack of biological plausibility, my hunch is that it doesn’t actually matter too much, as long as you’re eating enough protein.


Effect of BCAA supplementation on central fatigue, energy metabolism substrate and muscle damage to the exercise: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Hormoznejad et al. (2019)

BCAA supplementation does seem to affect perceptions of fatigue, but it may slightly decrease the rate of metabolic fatigue, and could attenuate muscle damage following intense training. However, these results were found relative to inert control supplementation; it’s unclear if BCAA supplementation has any additional effects if someone is already supplementing with or consuming adequate amounts of protein. A 2017 meta-analysis also had broadly similar findings.


Effect of whey protein supplementation on body composition changes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bergia et al. (2018)

Whey protein supplemention seems to help increase lean mass in women. However, that effect is only significant in studies without resistance training (with resistance training, whey protein doesn’t seem to help women gain additional lean mass), and in studies imposing an energy deficit (whey protein helps women hold on to more lean mass when dieting, but it doesn’t seem to affect lean mass without a calorie deficit). Furthermore, whey protein supplementation doesn’t seem to lead to significantly greater fat loss in women. All mean effects leaned in favor of whey protein supplementation, but most comparisons simply didn’t clear the threshold of statistical significance.


Dietary fiber intervention on gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. So et al. (2018)

Interventions involving increases in dietary fiber consumption significantly increased the abundance of intestinal bacteria strains that are generally believed to be beneficial (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). Such interventions also increased fecal butyrate concentrations (which is thought to protect against colon cancer). The fibers that had the largest effect on intestinal bacteria were fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides.


Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Grosso et al. (2017)

“Of the 59 unique outcomes examined in the selected 112 meta-analyses of observational studies, coffee was associated with a probable decreased risk of breast, colorectal, colon, endometrial, and prostate cancers; cardiovascular disease and mortality; Parkinson’s disease; and type-2 diabetes. Of the 14 unique outcomes examined in the 20 selected meta-analyses of observational studies, caffeine was associated with a probable decreased risk of Parkinson’s disease and type-2 diabetes and an increased risk of pregnancy loss. Of the 12 unique acute outcomes examined in the selected 9 meta-analyses of RCTs, coffee was associated with a rise in serum lipids, but this result was affected by significant heterogeneity, and caffeine was associated with a rise in blood pressure. Given the spectrum of conditions studied and the robustness of many of the results, these findings indicate that coffee can be part of a healthful diet.”


Effect of Dietary Sugar Intake on Biomarkers of Subclinical Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies. Della Corte et al. (2018)

Fructose doesn’t seem to contribute to systemic inflammation to a greater degree that other dietary sugars (specifically when comparing fructose vs. glucose, and high fructose corn syrup vs. table sugar [sucrose]).


Glycemic impact of non-nutritive sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nichol et al. (2018)

Overall, it doesn’t seem that non-nutritive sweeteners acutely have any meaningful impact on blood glucose, on average. The glycemic impact at some time points seems to be smaller in diabetics, smaller in people with high BMIs, and smaller in older people. By 120 minutes post-consumption, non-nutritive sweeteners significantly decrease blood glucose. All non-nutritive sweeteners seemed to have similar effects on blood glucose. A 2020 meta-analysis by Greyling and colleagues also found that low-energy sweeteners doesn’t have much of an effect on glucose or insulin post-consumption.


Effects of fasted vs fed‐state exercise on performance and post‐exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Aird et al. (2018)

Eating before exercise improves long-duration aerobic performance (but not short-duration performance). However, fasted endurance exercise leads to larger post-exercises increases in plasma free fatty acids, and may lead to larger increases in cellular signaling associated with aerobic training adaptations.


Nutritional Interventions to Improve Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Older People: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Gielen et al. (2020)

This umbrella review surveyed the results of 15 systematic reviews examining the effects of various nutritional interventions on elderly subjects. The strongest evidence was in favor of leucine supplementation and protein supplementation combined with resistance training. If you’re interested in nutritional research related to strength, muscle, or physical performance in elderly folks, this would be a good paper to mine for references to use as a jumping-off point.

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